Windows System Command Line

When you begin to notice random errors, issues during boot or Windows components are not working as they should on your computer there is a good chance that one or more system files may have gone missing or corrupted.

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Even though Windows 10 does a good job protecting files that are necessary for your PC to work correctly, applications, drivers, or even Windows Update may sometimes be the cause of system instability. Like in previous versions, for these situations, Windows 10 includes the System File Checker (SFC), a tiny but powerful command-line utility that can scan the integrity and replace any corrupted or missing protected system file with a known good version.

In this guide, we'll walk you through the steps to use System File Checker (SFC) to repair any damaged system file automatically while you're running the operating system, offline using Advanced startup, and manually when SFC is unable to fix the problem.

Before you begin, it's important to note that you'll be making changes to your system, as such it's recommended to do a full backup or create a system restore point in case things go wrong, and you need to roll back.

How to scan and repair system files on Windows 10

The following command will do a full scan of the protected system files on your computer and fix any file that are causing issues while Windows 10 is up and running.

1. Use the Windows key + X keyboard shortcut to open the Power User menu and select Command Prompt (Admin), as you will need administrator permissions to run SFC.

2. In the Command Prompt type the following command and press Enter:

   sfc /scannow

3. Once the scan completes, you will see one of the following messages:

   • Windows Resource Protection did not find any integrity violations: This indicates that your system doesn't have any missing or corrupted files.
   • Windows Resource Protection could not perform the requested operation: This message means that there was a problem during the scan and an offline scan is required.
   • Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files and successfully repaired them. Details are included in the CBS.Log %WinDir%LogsCBSCBS.log: You will get this message when SFC was able to fix the problem. Now, you can move on or you can view the logs to get more details.
   • Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files but was unable to fix some of them. Details are included in the CBS.Log %WinDir%LogsCBSCBS.log: In this case, you'll need to repair the corrupted files manually.

Quick Tip: You may want to run the command around three times to fix all the problems.

How to view the details of an SFC scan

To see the details of a System File Checker stored in the CBS.Log file, you'll need to make a readable copy on your desktop:

1. Use the Windows key + X keyboard shortcut to open the Power User menu and select Command Prompt.

2. Type the following command and press Enter:

   findstr /c:'[SR]' %windir%LogsCBSCBS.log >'%userprofile%Desktopsfclogs.txt'

3. Open the sfclogs.txt located on the desktop with Notepad. The file will contain all the details of the scanned system files and information for files that couldn't be repaired.

Note: Details for SFC scans are only available when you do a scan within Windows, not when you do an offline scan on Command Prompt.

How to scan and repair system files on Windows 10 offline

Sometimes protected system files that need to be repaired are loaded in memory while Windows 10 is running. If this is the case, you can run SFC offline to fix your computer.

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1. Use the Windows key + I keyboard shortcut to open the Settings app.
2. Click Update & security.
3. Click Recovery.

4. Under Advanced startup, click Restart now.

5. Click Troubleshoot.
6. Click Advanced options.

7. Click Command Prompt to boot your computer only with Command Prompt.

8. On reboot, you'll be prompted to enter your username and password to continue.

9. Whenever you need to run SCF outside of Windows, you need to tell the utility exactly where the Windows installation files are. On Command Prompt, type the following command to understand the location of the Windows and System Reserved partitions.

   wmic logicaldisk get deviceid, volumename, description

10. Type the following command, and press Enter:

    sfc /scannow /offbootdir=C: /offwindir=D:Windows

    Note: We're using the /offboodir switch to specify the drive letter of the System Reserved partition, which in this case is C, and the /offwindir switch specifies the location of the Windows files, which in this case is D:Windows.

    Keep in mind that when you boot your computer with Command Prompt, the drive letters may be different, which is why you need to use the command on step 9. However, most of the time, when working with Windows 10, D: is usually the drive letter for the installation and C: is the letter for the System Reserved partition.

11. Once the scan is complete, close Command Prompt.

12. Click Continue to exit and go back to Windows 10.

How to repair system files manually on Windows 10

If the System File Checker couldn't fix one or more files, you will need to repair them manually.

Open the sfclogs.txt file to determine which are the corrupted files, find where they belong by doing a simple file search or use your preferred Internet search engine to get more details. Then follow the instructions below to replace the corrupted file.

Quick Tip: You can find known good system file copies on another computer running the same version of the operating system like the one running on your PC.

1. Use the Windows key + X keyboard shortcut to open the Power User menu and select Command Prompt (Admin).

2. Take ownership of the corrupted system file. In the Command Prompt type the following command, and press Enter:

   takeown /f C:Path-and-File-Name

   Note: Replace C:Path-and-File-Name with the path and name of the corrupted file. For example, C:WindowsSystem32appraiser.dll.

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3. Allow full admin access to the corrupted file using the following command and press Enter:

   icacls C:Path-and-File-Name /Grant Administrators:F

4. Replace the file in question with a good copy using the following command and press Enter:

   copy C:Path-SOURCE-and-File-Name C:Path-DESTINATION-and-File-Name

   Note: You need to replace C:Path-SOURCE-and-File-Name with the source path and file name of the known good file, and you also need to replace C:Path-DESTINATION-and-File-Name with the destination path and name of the damaged file. Here's an example: copy D:Filesappraiser.dll C:WindowsSystem32appraiser.dll.

5. Type Yes and press Enter to confirm the overwrite.

After replacing the file, you can type SFC /verifyonly command and press Enter in Command Prompt to verify the integrity of all the system files to see if the problem has been fixed. Alternatively, if you repaired only a few files, you can test the integrity of each file by using the sfc /VERIFYFILE=C:Path-and-File-Name command (e.g., sfc /VERIFYFILE=C:WindowsSystem32kernel32.dll).

Keep in mind that you're not limited to use this utility on Windows 10, SFC is a command-line tool available on previous versions of the operating system. However, you may find different features depending on the version you're running. In Command Prompt (Admin) use the sfc /? command to list the features available to you.

More on Windows 10

For more tips, coverage, and answers on Windows 10, you can visit the following resources:

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All supported versions of Windows (server and client) have a set of Win32 console commands built in.

This set of documentation describes the Windows Commands you can use to automate tasks by using scripts or scripting tools.

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To find information about a specific command, in the following A-Z menu, click the letter that the command starts with, and then click the command name.

A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z

Prerequisites

The information that is contained in this topic applies to:

• Windows Server 2019
• Windows Server (Semi-Annual Channel)
• Windows Server 2016
• Windows Server 2012 R2
• Windows Server 2012
• Windows Server 2008 R2
• Windows Server 2008
• Windows 10
• Windows 8.1

Command shell overview

The Command shell was the first shell built into Windows to automate routine tasks, like user account management or nightly backups, with batch (.bat) files. With Windows Script Host you could run more sophisticated scripts in the Command shell. For more information, see cscript or wscript. You can perform operations more efficiently by using scripts than you can by using the user interface. Scripts accept all Commands that are available at the command line.

Windows has two command shells: The Command shell and PowerShell. Each shell is a software program that provides direct communication between you and the operating system or application, providing an environment to automate IT operations.

PowerShell was designed to extend the capabilities of the Command shell to run PowerShell commands called cmdlets. Cmdlets are similar to Windows Commands but provide a more extensible scripting language. You can run Windows Commands and PowerShell cmdlets in Powershell, but the Command shell can only run Windows Commands and not PowerShell cmdlets.

For the most robust, up-to-date Windows automation, we recommend using PowerShell instead of Windows Commands or Windows Script Host for Windows automation.

Note

You can also download and install PowerShell Core, the open source version of PowerShell.

Caution

Incorrectly editing the registry may severely damage your system. Before making the following changes to the registry, you should back up any valued data on the computer.

Windows System Settings Command Line

Note

To enable or disable file and directory name completion in the Command shell on a computer or user logon session, run regedit.exe and set the following reg_DWOrd value:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftCommand ProcessorcompletionCharreg_DWOrd

To set the reg_DWOrd value, use the hexadecimal value of a control character for a particular function (for example, 0 9 is Tab and 0 08 is Backspace). User-specified settings take precedence over computer settings, and command-line options take precedence over registry settings.

Command-line reference A-Z

To find information about a specific Windows Command, in the following A-Z menu, click the letter that the Command starts with, and then click the Command name.

A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z)

A

B

• bitsadmin
• bootcfg

C

• change

System Restore Command Line Windows 10

D

E

F

• fsutil

G

H

I

J

K

• ksetup

L

• logman

M

• manage-bde

Windows System Info Command Line

N

• nslookup

O

P

Q

R

• reg

S

• scwcmd
• secedit

T

U

V

• vssadmin-

W

• wbadmin

X